Jun 16, 2024  
2019-2020 Academic Bulletin 
    
2019-2020 Academic Bulletin [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 

Health Education

  
  • HLED 540 - Topics In

    Credits: 1–3
    Selected topics in health science education.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CHHS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


Honors

  
  • HONS 105H - Western Heritage

    Credits: 5
    A study of significant issues that emerged in Western civilization, approached through the reading of major works. The first semester’s topics involve the era from the ancient world to the Reformation; the second, the Enlightenment to the modern world. In both semesters, spiritual and religious themes are emphasized, and the combined semesters replace one 3-credit religion course. Small-group projects and discussions, field trips, and cultural events enrich the lectures. Required for SAGES during the first year.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 3 lectures and a 2-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 106H - Western Heritage

    Credits: 5
    A study of significant issues that emerged in Western civilization, approached through the reading of major works. The first semester’s topics involve the era from the ancient world to the Reformation; the second, the Enlightenment to the modern world. In both semesters, spiritual and religious themes are emphasized, and the combined semesters replace one 3-credit religion course. Small-group projects and discussions, field trips, and cultural events enrich the lectures. Required for SAGES during the first year.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 3 lectures and a 2-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 115H - Transcribing the Self: Honors Composition

    Credits: 3
    What is the entity we call self? How is it formed, reformed, transformed? What role does the “other” play in our determination of self? To what extent is self an independent construct, and to what extent is it socially and ideologically determined? Such questions are addressed through written and oral examination of our own lives and the lives of others as presented in significant texts. Recommended during the first year.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 215H - Scripture

    Credits: 3
    The reading of Biblical passages chosen for qualities such as centrality to Christian belief, power as literature, and variety of expression. Entire books will be addressed thematically, including Genesis, Job, Romans, and Revelation. A portion of the course will involve the detailed interpretation of a selected section. Required.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 225H - Materialism & Idealism

    Credits: 3
    Philosophers and prophets often approach wealth with caution or hostility, but modern culture flaunts status symbols and values self-worth by material accumulation. Considering such differences, readings from Plato to contemporary authors will raise questions about the level of wealth we ought to desire, the thoughtful use of that wealth, and reconciling a Christian life of service with professional success today. Elective.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 245H - Meanings of America

    Credits: 3
    Examines understandings of American society, culture and physical environment by a variety of observers, including native, foreign and minority, through study of prose, poetry, music, film and the visual arts. Core readings will include works by Jefferson, Tocqueville, Martineau, Douglass, Bourne, Friedan and King. Elective.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 265H - Literature and the Arts

    Credits: 3
    Explores the ways in which visual, musical, and literary arts address the human experience. Through close analysis of primary texts, students become conversant in the distinctive and overlapping discourses of the various art forms. Drawing upon this fine arts literacy, they will examine concerns of primary importance to creative minds from the ancient world to the postmodern era. These themes will include several of the following: the sacred, the quest for knowledge, gender relations, ethnicity and identity, social order and/or violence.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): HONS 115H  Required.
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 295H - Independent Study in (Topic)

    Credits: 1–9
    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 9 credits
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 325H - Justice

    Credits: 3
    What is justice? Is it a process, an end result, or both? Using concepts of right and wrong developed by Classical writers, medieval philosophers and recent Christian theologians, this course considers the relationships between justice and religious understandings of human nature and society. It then analyzes selected policies where concepts of justice can or should play a role, and critically examines the practical results of attempts to create greater social justice.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): HONS 115H . Elective.
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Year Offering: Odd years
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 345H - What Is Other? The Non-Western World

    Credits: 3
    An introduction to the diversity and commonality of the global human experience and world views as expressed in literature, the arts, religion and other intellectual endeavors with special focus on the non-Western world. Small group activities, field trips, guest presenters, films and special projects enrich the discussion of significant texts.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): HONS 106H , HONS 115H . Required.
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 365H - Cosmos

    Credits: 3
    An interdisciplinary, readings-based course which considers the nature of science and its relationship to other approaches to truth. Selected “key ideas” in science will be examined to explore how science informs our understanding of who we are and our place in the universe. Particular attention will be given to the interplay between Christian faith and science.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): HONS 115H . Required.
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 380 - Topic in Bioethics & Christian Faith

    Credits: 3
    A capstone seminar for Honors students in biology and related majors that engages the interface of biology and ethics from a biblical and Seventh-day Adventist perspective. Focused attention on select bioethical issues and their relationship to Scripture and Christian practice, including but not limited to: biblical and environmental stewardship, the molecular revolution, genomics and genetic manipulation, human nature, communication in science, and dilemmas in the health professions.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 166  , HONS 265H  
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 380 - Topic in Cognitive Science and Faith

    Credits: 3
    This topics course will be a readings-based seminar considering the possibility of integrating cognitive science (especially neuroscience and psychological science) and Christian faith in the domain of understanding human nature. The course will focus particularly on Adventist theological understandings of human nature in the context of ongoing debates about human free will in the cognitive sciences.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): Elective.
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 380 - Topic in Physics and Faith

    Credits: 3
    An interdisciplinary readings-based course which considers the relationship between Christian faith and science. Developments in physics and cosmology will be examined in light of Adventist Christian theological understanding.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s):  ,  or PHYS 242  or consent of instructor.
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 380H - Topics, Independent Study, and Research

    Credits: 1–4
    Disciplinary and interdisciplinary topics selected for interest and importance. Typically the course revolves around reading, discussion, and individual projects. Elective.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 398H - Research Pro-Seminar

    Credits: 1
    Preparation for the senior project. Expectations for the senior thesis are addressed, including consideration of alternative topics, refining the thesis proposal, the role of literature review, formal public speaking, presentation software, and evaluation. The letter grade assigned reflects the presentation of the project at the Interdisciplinary Honors Seminar; a DG is assigned until then. Strongly recommended for all sophomores and must be completed prior to beginning Honors Thesis research.

    Grade Mode: Normal with DG (A-F,I,W,DG,DN)
    Schedule Type: Seminar
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 415H - Thinking Theologically: Christian Life and Faith

    Credits: 3
    A capstone Honors course exploring the intersection of constructive theology and contemporary issues from a distinctly Adventist perspective. Special attention is given to the correlation of God and human flourishing as enunciated through a wide range of pressing questions raised in the postmodern context. The aim of such an exploration is to deepen the faith of the participants and to instill a new appreciation for the conceptual and spiritual richness of the Great Controversy theme central to the Adventist worldview. Students are encouraged to foster critical reasoning and integrative thinking through a seminar-style engagement with selected primary texts in theology and philosophy.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): HONS 115H ,  Required.
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 495H - Independent Study (in any department)

    Credits: 1–6
    Individual study or research of an approved topic under the guidance of an appropriate professor and resulting in an essay, critical review, or other gradable demonstration of accomplishment. Implies 45 hours of work per semester credit. Elective.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 6 credits
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HONS 497H - Senior Honors Project

    Credits: 0–6
    Independent research or creative work to produce the Honors Thesis, typically supervised by a professor within the student’s major field. The thesis is filed in the James White Library to facilitate wider access. Required.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 6 credits
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: HONS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


Horticulture

  
  • HORT 150 - iGrow

    Credits: 4
    An introduction to the horticultural and landscape field. This class offers basic care of the home landscape with ornamental trees and shrubs, perennials and annuals. This class covers growing fruits and vegetables for the small garden as well as some of the horticultural basics of plant science and soil science. Topics will cover pruning, training, insects, pests and disease, fertilizing techniques, plant basics, landscape design and more. Labs in the greenhouse and gardens while exercising scientific methods.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Course Attribute: Life Science

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab, Interactive Online
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 205 - Plant Science

    Credits: 4
    Introduces students to the requirements of plant growth and development. Understanding of these processes is gained by studying topics such as plant cells, tissue, and organ structure; photosynthesis, cellular respiration, plant reproduction, including flowering, fruit development, seed set, the role of hormones, and plant nutrition. 

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 3 lectures and a 3-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Year Offering: Alternate years
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 226 - Plant Systematics & ID

    Credits: 3
    Plant systematics, keying native plants & plant morphology. The identification and recognition of local woody and herbaceous specimen. Focus on identification, environmental requirements, domestice and native value, comenclature and preservation. Class introduces botanical principles and mastering a broad range of local flora. 

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 227 - Woody Plant Identification II

    Credits: 3
    Introduction to the identification and recognition of the deciduous, evergreen and broad leafed evergreen shrubs and vines of the northern. Focus will be on shape, color, size, texture, environmental requirements and the landscape value of native and cultivated shrubs and vines of the northern temperate zone.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 228 - Herbaceous Plant Identification

    Credits: 3
    Identification and recognition of shape, size, color, texture, and environmental requirements of the nonwoody plants providing color and ground cover in the landscape.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Year Offering: Alternate years
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 236 - Landscape Drafting and Graphics

    Credits: 4
    Introduces and develops proficiency in technical drafting for landscape design including symbols, 2-D and 3-D drawings, sections and elevations, titles blocks, legends and plan organizations. Studio puts graphics to work with a broad range of landscape projects represented. Introduces students to the residential design process and uses live projects to practice skills. 

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 250 - History of Landscape Architecture

    Credits: 3
    A study of landscape history throughout civilization and its impact upon society and the environment. Course will look at the origin of landscape architectural styles and characteristics, and explore the influence of historical landscape design personalities upon the American landscape.

    Course Attribute: Art History course

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture, Interactive Online
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 315 - Landscape Structures and Materials

    Credits: 3
    Course combines lecture, drawing and hands-on labs covering an array of hardscape materials including retaining walls, decks and arbors, patios, fencing, edging, pools and more.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 2 lectures and a 3-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Year Offering: Alternate Years
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 320 - Propagation of Horticultural Plants

    Credits: 3
    Intended to acquaint students with the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction, especially as it applies to the horticultural industry. Asexual reproduction investigates methods of clonal reproduction utilizing non-flowering plant parts such as cutting, grafting, layering, and micro propagation (tissue culture).

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 2 lectures and a 3-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Recommended: HORT 150  or HORT 205  
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 337 - Fundamentals of Landscape Design

    Credits: 4
    Introduces and develops the principles of design, design theory, site analysis, functional diagramming, circulation, spatial planes and design schematics. Course will explore both hardscape and softscape principles. Class integrates the design process in drawing plans of all sizes.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Recommended: HORT 136  
    Schedule Type: Studio
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 340 - Land Surveying

    Credits: 2
    Course introduces the principles of land surveying such as measurements of distance, elevation and angles, instrumentation and mapping, and GIS.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 1 lecture and a 2-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 360 - Arboriculture

    Credits: 3
    Care of shade and ornamental trees living under environmental stress of urbanization, their legal protection and value. Includes tree anatomy and physiology, soils, nutrition and water relationships, transplanting, disease and insect control, mechanical injury and pruning to develop a healthy tree.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 2 lectures and a 3-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Year Offering: Alternate years
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 365 - Urban Landscape Design

    Credits: 3
    Designing landscapes to meet the environmental challenges and conditions of urban spaces. Circulation patterns for conducting business, aesthetic and functional aspects of design for corporate/institutional, governmental agencies and municipal areas.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Course Attribute: Service course

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Recommended: HORT 136 , HORT 137  
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Year Offering: Alternate years
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 369 - Greenhouse Environment and Production

    Credits: 3
    Concepts and principles of commercial plant production in the greenhouse environment. Topics include structure and environment of the greenhouse, production of bedding and potting plants and cut flowers.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 2 lectures and a 3-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture/Lab
    Year Offering: Alternate years
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 375 - Landscape Estimating

    Credits: 3
    An introduction to the estimating process for landscape design, construction and maintenance work. Various schedules and forms are used to assign costs of equipment, plants, hardscape materials, labor and overhead. The many variables from project to project are explored and then formulas are applied to arrive at making landscape installations an efficient and profitable business.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 378 - Integrated Insect/Disease Management

    Credits: 4
    Study of significant diseases and insects of agricultural and horticultural plant materials, including life cycles and influence of environmental conditions; determination of effective control methods for crop, ornamental and turfgrass production.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture, Lecture/Lab
    Year Offering: Alternate years
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 429 - Computer Landscape Design

    Credits: 3
    Principles and practices of computer-aided landscape design, including creating scale perimeter plot plans, using drawing tools, plant/site relationships, and graphic imaging leading to a computer- generated landscape drawing. Studio emphasizes skill development and proficiency in integrating software and hardware to create CAD-generated landscape designs. Prior landscape drawing course work is recommended.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Studio
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 441 - Advanced Landscape Graphics

    Credits: 4
    Advanced exploration and application of graphics applying to all aspects of landscape architecture. Working in multiple environments and media. Work will include plan view, 2D and 3D hand graphics. Products will be professional quality presentations including both artistic and verbal communication skills.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Recommended: HORT 136  and HORT 137  
    Schedule Type: Studio
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 442 - Advanced Site Design

    Credits: 4
    Landscape Architecture concepts relating to the challenging problems of design. Field application through live projects encompassing all aspects of landscape architecture and presentation. This class is focused on synthesizing significant previous class work and applying it to a real customer setting.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Recommended: HORT 136 , HORT 137 , HORT 226 , HORT 227 , HORT 228  and HORT 441  
    Schedule Type: Studio
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • HORT 540 - Topics in:

    Credits: 1–6
    Students are able to select offerings from various contemporary Horticulture topics. 

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Lecture, Blended Learning, Interactive Online
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


International Development Administration Studies

  
  • IDAS 597 - Portfolio

    Credits: 1
    An organized collection of educational and professional accomplishments is produced. This will include basic personal and background information, a profile of the Focus area, outstanding academic work, and other artifacts acquired to demonstrate achievements and competencies related to international development.

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory w/DG (S,U,I,W,DG)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 610 - Ethics in Development

    Credits: 2
    Overview of the philosophical field of ethics and introduction to frameworks for ethical decision-making. Examine the development process and analyze ethical problems pertaining to the confrontation between development objectives and culture, religion, gender, and the environment. Biblical resources are offered to approach potential dilemmas at work and home in an ethical way.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S (A-F,I,S,U,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 613 - Applied Statistical Methods

    Credits: 2
    Analysis of data using descriptive and basic inferential statistics, frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, sampling, distribution, levels of significance in hypothesis testing, correlation, t-tests, one way analysis of variance, simple linear regression, and chi-square.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Interactive Online
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 620 - Strategic Planning in Global Leadership

    Credits: 3
    A multi-disciplinary course which focuses on current and emerging issues of organizational leadership. The course will teach the role of creating a meaningful strategic plan for an effective administrative system for organizations to survive intensifying globalization. Components include the strategic planning process, roles of board and staff, critical importance of a stakeholder analysis, the purpose of mission and vision, and the difference between goals, strategies and objectives.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 623 - Development Research Methods

    Credits: 2
    Background and experience in understanding quantitative and qualitative research designs as they relate to the student’s Focus area. Topics include the research process, defining variables, formulating and stating the problem, planning and designing the research, conducting literature review, instrumentation, data collection procedures, researchers ethical and legal responsibilities and basic data analysis. Students are expected to develop a research proposal. Pre- or co-requisite IDAS613.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: IDAS 613  
    Schedule Type: Interactive Online
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 630 - Concepts of Project Management

    Credits: 3
    Introduce concepts and methods of conducting community assessment and capacity mapping. Develop skills in selecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data affecting program planning and implementation. Consider complex interactions affecting program accountability and outcomes. Provides practical opportunity to exercise skills needed for project design and evaluation.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S (A-F,I,S,U,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 635 - Professional Training: Focus Area

    Credits: 2,3
    Students are required to participate in Professional Training related to the selected Focus area, culminating in a synthesis paper on best practices learned during the training. In addition, the student will design and implement a Colloquium to present best practices in the Focus area.

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory (S,U,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  
  • IDAS 650 - Project Continuation

    Credits: 0
    Student may register for this title while clearing deferred grade (DG) with advisor approval only. 

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory w/o ‘I’ (S,U,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 655 - Program Continuation

    Credits: 0
    Students may register for this non-credit continuation course to maintain active status.

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory w/o ‘I’ (S,U,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  
  • IDAS 680 - Field Practicum: Focus Area

    Credits: 2
    The Field Practicum integrates International Development theory into practice. There are two options to fulfill the Field Practicum. Students will complete either; (1) a baseline and benchmarking study to understand best practices in the focus area; or (2) complete an internship of 300 hours in a sponsoring organization. The course culminates with an oral presentation of the students’ findings and experiences.

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory w/DG (S,U,I,W,DG)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Practicum
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 690 - Independent Study

    Credits: 1–3
    Individualized reading or research in a specified area under the guidance of an instructor.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S (A-F,I,S,U,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 6 credits
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 696 - Specialization Essay: (Focus Area)

    Credits: 1,2
    Students are required to broaden knowledge in their Focus area through synthesizing and critiquing scholarly journal articles, professional association publications, publications of multi-government organizations such as the United Nations or the World Bank, publications by various international non-government organizations, or internet resources. The outcome of this literature review will be a “Specialization Essay.”

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory (S,U,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDAS 697 - Research Project

    Credits: 3
    A research project is carried out by a master’s degree candidate in which mastery of the research process is demonstrated. The student is expected to choose a research topic related to his/her Focus area.

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory w/DG (S,U,I,W,DG)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 4 credits
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


Interdisciplinary Studies

  
  • IDSC 278 - Study Tour:

    Credits: 0
    Travel to destinations relevant to individual programs of study. Classes will be selected from department(s) offerings. Fee may be required.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Noncredit (NC,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Blended Learning
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 280 - Cooperative Education in______(subject area)

    Credits: .5,1
    Supervised work experience with a cooperating industry, agency, or institution. The student is supervised by his/her department. At least 175 hours of work required per credit.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): Sophomore standing or above and permission of the department chair. Students must apply and be accepted one semester in advance of their planned cooperative education experiences.
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 1 credit
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 294 - Off-Campus Study in __________

    Credits: 3–15
    See advisor for details.

    Grade Mode: Noncredit (NC,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 12 credits
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 296 - Student Missionary/Taskforce Experience

    Credits: 0
    This course qualifies for full-time status, requiring a minimum of 540 hours of work per semester of registration.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Course Attribute: Full-time status

    Grade Mode: Noncredit (NC,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 380 - Cooperative Education in______(subject area)

    Credits: .5,1
    Supervised work experience with a cooperating industry, agency, or institution. The student is supervised by his/her department. At least 175 hours of work required per credit.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): Sophomore standing or above and permission of the department chair. Students must apply and be accepted one semester in advance of their planned cooperative education experiences.
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 1 credit
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 394 - Off-Campus Study in __________

    Credits: 0–15
    See advisor for details.

    Grade Mode: Noncredit (NC,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 425 - STEM Boost

    Credits: 3
    Hands-on learning in the major STEM disciplines which includes agriculture, biology, chemistry, engineering, math, and physics. This is designed to be blended course, combination of online distance learning and on-campus labs. The knowledge and experiences gained in this course is designed to be executed in both small and large schools settings, inexpensive, with easy setup/cleanup. This class satisfies continuing education academic credit for teacher re-certification. It is designed specifically for middle and high school educators teaching grades 5-12. Elementary educators teaching grades K-4 science are also welcome and encouraged to attend.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Schedule Type: Blended Learning
    Term Offering: Summer
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 456 - Integrated Science

    Credits: 4
    This course is designed to provide a science experience that models what science professionals do in the real world. This course will integrate content from life, physical and earth science using a project driven, problem solving approach. Laboratory and lecture experiences are integrated continuously and include a strong technology component.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture, Interactive Online
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 525 - STEM Graduate Boost

    Credits: 3
    A graduate level, hands-on experience in the major STEM disciplines which include agriculture, biology, chemistry, engineering, math, and physics.   This is designed to be a blended course - a combination of online distance learning and an on-campus lab intensive. The knowledge and experiences gained in this course is designed to be implemented in both small and large schools settings, inexpensive, with easy setup/cleanup. This class satisfies continuing education academic credit for teacher re-certification. It is designed specifically for middle and high school educators teaching grades 5-12. Elementary educators teaching grades K-4 science are also welcome and encouraged to attend.  Participants will draft feasible prospective lesson plans as well as appropriate assessment tools and equipment acquisition and management strategies in the context of their classroom(s) and institution(s).

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: 2 lectures and a 3-hour lab
    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Blended Learning
    Term Offering: Summer
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • IDSC 596 - Student Missionary/Taskforce Experience

    Credits: 0
    This course qualifies for full-time status, requiring a minimum of 480 hours of work per semester of registration.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Course Attribute: Full-time status

    Grade Mode: Noncredit (NC,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


International Language & Global Studies

  
  • ILGS 121 - Elementary _______ I

    Credits: 3
    significant aspects of culture of the foreign language—oral and listening work stressed. A one-hour lab per week is required. Language options can be discussed with the Department of INLS.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 122 - Elementary _______ II

    Credits: 3
    Grammar with reading and writing continued in the context of significant aspects of culture of the foreign language—oral and listening work progressively increased. Language options can be discussed with the Department of INLS.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 235 - Intermediate ________________

    Credits: 4
    Grammar, reading, composition, oral and aural exercises in the context of significant aspects of the culture of the foreign language.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 295 - Directed Study/Readings/Research/Project

    Credits: 1–3
    In the area of language, culture, literature, or international trade. INLS495 is open only to qualified upper division students. Permission of instructor required.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 330 - French/Spanish Service Fieldwork

    Credits: 1,2
    Designed for students having an advanced level of proficiency in French or Spanish. Services may include activities such as mentoring international students on and off campus, tutoring, interpreting and translating for community and government agencies.

    Grade Mode: Satisfactory w/DG (S,U,I,W,DG)
    Repeatable: Repeatable up to 2 credits
    Schedule Type: Practicum
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 400 - Topics in ____________

    Credits: 3
    A study of selected topics in language, culture, literature, or international trade. Topic and credits to be announced.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 458 - Methods of Foreign Language Instruction: K – 12

    Credits: 3
    ical practices and research in FL teaching, ways of using that research, and practical applications of instructional methods. This course focuses on methods for K–12. Attending the Michigan World Language Association Conference in Lansing is required. Required for teacher certification.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 478 - Study Tour:

    Credits: 0
    Travel to destinations relevant to individual programs of study. Classes will be selected from department(s) offerings. Fee may be required.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Noncredit (NC,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Blended Learning
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 490 - Language and International Trade Internship/Practicum

    Credits: 3
    A one-semester, full-time work assignment which provides the opportunity to extend theoretical classroom learning in an appropriate setting in the U.S. or abroad. A final report is required.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal with DG (A-F,I,W,DG,DN)
    Schedule Type: Practicum
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 495 - Directed Study/Readings/Research/Project

    Credits: 1–3
    In the area of language, culture, literature, or international trade. INLS495 is open only to qualified upper division students. Permission of instructor required.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 575 - Topics in _______

    Credits: 1–3
    A study of selected topics in language, literature, or civilization. Topics and credits to be announced.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • ILGS 590 - Directed Study/Reading/Research/Project

    Credits: 1–3
    Studies in the area of French/Spanish language, literature, or civilization, as determined in consultation with the instructor.

    Grade Mode: Normal w S/DG (A-F,I,S,U,DG,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CAS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


Innovation & Entrepreneurship

  
  • INEN 221 - Introduction to Innovation & Entrepreneurship - Foundations of Play

    Credits: 3
    An introductory course developing skills needed for creativity, innovation, problem solving, and entrepreneurship.  Students play, tinker, and try new ideas with like-minded people.  They will create a project proposal that demonstrates “spark” suitable for application for formal admission into the I&E Certificate program.  Upon completion of this course, students will implement design thinking principles, uncover forces that drive economic and social vitality, develop an innovative and viable solution-based model, and recognize the difference between ideas and opportunities.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INEN 225 - Prototyping and Tinkering

    Credits: 3
    Students grow ideas through advance play in a creative maker-space.  I&E players learn a variety of prototyping approaches and techniques ranging from the quick and dirty, useful for the brainstorming stage, to more precise and sophisticated, best for final design presentation.  Upon completion of this course, students will experiment with prototyping processes and reflect on successes and failures, apply discipline-specific methods of prototyping, and demonstrate the use of design thinking in model-making through an iterative process.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INEN 300 - I&E Seminar

    Credits: 0
    A required weekly seminar that incorporates rich discussion, selected readings, and guest speakers addressing topics in innovation and entrepreneurship.  Students in this learning community connect with entrepreneurs and faculty across campus to gain access to new ideas and opportunities, learn from a cross-section of experts and problem-solvers, and exchange ideas with their peers.  Students in the introductory course and after acceptance into the I&E Certificate program register for this course every semester.  It is required for a minimum of four semesters, but continuation is strongly recommended until completion of the project.  Upon completion, students will have made significant connections with faculty, entrepreneurs, experts, and peers and used ensuing ideas and opportunities to develop their project.  

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Satisfactory (S,U,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Seminar
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INEN 309 - The Implementation Tool Box

    Credits: 3
    Students apply the knowledge and skills used in previous I&E courses to the planning process required for new venture development.  They explore the legal, regulatory, and ethical issues faced by innovators and entrepreneurs as well as what it takes to be an effective member of a new venture team.  Upon completion of this course, students will develop a business plan or philanthropic proposal and present a needs analysis with regards to social innovation, patents, copyrights, funding, and venture capital. 

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INEN 455 - Advanced Project - The Launch

    Credits: 3
    A practicum that focuses on the actual launch of the project with a mentor.  Upon completion of the course, students, under the mentorship of an appropriate expert, will demonstrate the steps required to launch the proposed idea.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Independent
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


Information Systems

  
  • INFS 120 - Foundations of Information Technology

    Credits: 3
    Explores the role of information systems and technology in supporting the different facets of an organizational structure e.g. in decision support, data management, risk assessment and management, and resource management. The course covers topics in enterprise-level hardware and software, cloud computing, ethics, data management, and social engineering. The labs are designed to provide an introductory course in productive software, cloud computing, and web development technologies.

    Lecture/Lab: Weekly: two 1-hour lectures and two 2-hour labs
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): Familiarity with word-processing and typing speed of at least 20 wpm
    Recommended: Recommended math placement exam score of M0 or better, or MATH 092  or higher
    Schedule Type: Lecture, Lab, Lecture/Lab, Interactive Online, Self-Paced
    Term Offering: Fall, Spring, Summer
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 215 - Business Software Applications

    Credits: 3
    This course uses a hands-on approach to expose students to different software applications for problem-solving and decision-support in business. Relational database management systems will be introduced. Spreadsheets will be used for data analysis and data modeling. Other business intelligence software for data organization and visualization will be explored. Students also gain an understanding of organizational systems, planning, the decision process, and decision support technologies.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 120  
    Schedule Type: Lecture, Interactive Online, Self-Paced
    Term Offering: Fall, Spring, Summer
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 226 - Hardware and Software

    Credits: 3
    This course is the “boot camp” for Information Systems majors and UAST minors.  It covers a hands-on approach to understanding the basics of concepts of hardware and software, electronics, software programming, and computer network architectures. Problem solving skills will be explored using the concept of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). 

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 235 - Business Programming

    Credits: 3
    Explores programming, computer concepts and the design of business applications using both object-oriented and procedural methodologies. Covers the logical and physical structures of both programs and data. Emphasizes data and file processing.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 120  & CPTR 151  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 310 - Networks and Telecommunications

    Credits: 3
    Covers data communications and networking for the enterprise. Design and management of telecommunications networks, cost-benefit analysis, and evaluation of connectivity options and protocols for Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks will be examined. Through lectures and hands-on sessions, students learn to evaluate, select, and implement different communication options within an organization. Virtual systems and cloud computing will also be explored.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 226  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 318 - Business Systems Analysis and Design

    Credits: 3
    Provides an understanding of the system development, modification, decision process, and choices in business process development and reengineering methodology. Emphasizes integration with users and user systems. Encourages interpersonal skill development, operations and maintenance of the system, and covers quality and decision theory, information theory, and practice.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 215  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 330 - Introduction to Web Development

    Credits: 3
    This course focuses on the tools used for designing and building professional websites. Emphasis will be on client-side tools such as HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), JavaScript, and other emerging technologies.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): INFS 235  or CPTR 251  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 397 - Topics in _______

    Credits: 1–3
    Intensive study of selected topics of current interest in the sub-discipline area noted and not ordinarily covered in depth in other courses.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Special Approval: Instructor permission required.

    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 428 - Database Systems Design and Development

    Credits: 3
    Covers information systems design, theory, and implementation within a database management system environment. Students extend their knowledge of the design process acquired in earlier courses by modeling data according to the organization’s business rules. Relational database software will be used to implement the design. Data mining, non-relational databases, and other methods of data storage and use within the enterprise will also be introduced.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 235  , INFS 318  or CPTR 460  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 436 - Web-Based Business Systems

    Credits: 3
    Explores the technologies and strategies of current and emerging trends in e-business. Looks at electronic commerce system design and implementation, and the interaction between web pages and databases. Security and legal concerns are also addressed.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): INFS 330  or CPTR 252 INFS 428  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 447 - Project Management

    Credits: 3
    Covers the factors necessary for successful management of system development or enhancement projects. Both technical and behavioral aspects of project management are discussed. Focus is on management of development for enterprise-level systems.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 428  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Fall
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 457 - Certification Support

    Credits: 3
    Provides background and support necessary for students to pursue various software certification exams such as the MCSE series and the CNE exams.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: INFS 310  
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Term Offering: Spring
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 497 - Advanced Topics in ____________

    Credits: 3
    Topics of current interest in the sub-discipline area noted not ordinarily covered in depth in other courses.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable with different topics
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    Special Approval: Instructor permission required.

    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INFS 510 - Management Information Systems

    Credits: 3
    Covers current issues that effective managers must address as their organizations grow increasingly dependent on information technologies. Topics include hardware, software, telecommunications, networking and the management challenges involving these technologies. Extensive use of case studies. Word processing and spreadsheet skills are assumed.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Repeatable: Repeatable
    Schedule Type: Blended Learning
    Year Offering: Alternate Years
    Term Offering: Summer
    College Code: CPS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.


Interior Design

  
  • INT 200 - Color Theory

    Credits: 3
    This course introduces students to the aesthetic, historical, perceptual, scientific, and psychological aspects of color and light and the implication of color principles and theories to interior design. Students will explore color through experimentation, observation and evaluation. Relevant design projects will be analyzed for their use of color theory.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CHHS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INT 300 - Materials & Methods

    Credits: 2
    In this course students will examine non-textile based materials, available resources, and methods of production, construction and installation. Through a study of current product applications, they will learn how to select, specify and apply appropriate materials and finishes on the basis of aesthetics, material cost, environmental impact and performance.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CHHS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INT 315 - History and Theory of Interiors

    Credits: 3
    This course is a survey of interior design throughout history. Emphasis is given to the historical, theoretical and cultural influences that have affected the design of the interior environment from antiquity through present-day.

    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): HIST 117 , HIST 118 , ENGL 115 .
    Schedule Type: Lecture
    College Code: CHHS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

  
  • INT 341 - Interior Design Studio I

    Credits: 5
    Intermediate design studio building on previous design principles.

    Course/Lab Fee: Yes
    Grade Mode: Normal (A-F,I,W)
    Prerequisite(s): ARCH 247  & acceptance into Professional Degree Program.
    Schedule Type: Studio
    College Code: CHHS


    Click here for the Schedule of Classes.

 

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